资料：Evenasrichcountriesseektoridworkplacesofsubtlegenderbias,inmanydevelopingonesdiscriminationremainsovert.AccordingtotheWorldBank,womenarebarredfromcertainjobsin104countries.(1) “Genderequalityinlabourlawisassociatedwithmorewomenworkingandearningmorerelativetomen,”saysSarahIqbaloftheBank.Yetsomecountriespublishlistsofjobsdeemedtoodangerousforwomen(Russia’s456includedrivingatrainorsteeringaship).Othersstopwomenfromworkinginentiresectors,atnightorin“morallyinappropriate”jobs(inKazakhstanwomencannotbleedorstuncattle,pigsorsmallruminants).Infourcountrieswomencannotregisterabusiness.In18ahusbandcanstophiswifeworking.A(2) Theaimisoftentoprotectthe“weakersex”.Somelawsputwomeninthesamecategoryaschildren;theyconcernjobsseenasphysicallytough,suchasmining,constructionandmanufacturing.Othersrelatetobroadersafetyfears.InMumbai,forexample,femaleshopkeeperscannotworkaslateasmaleones.Otherlawsareintendedtoprotectcapacitytobearchildren.“Suchpoliciesoftenhavedemographicmotivations,especiallyincountrieswithlowbirthrates,”saysMsIqbal.(3) RestrictionsonnightworkoriginatedinEnglandduringtheIndustrialRevolution.BIn1948theInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)stillsoughttokeepwomenawayfromminesandindustrialnightwork.Spaindidnotliftrestrictionsonfemaleworkersinmining,electricityandsomeconstructionjobsuntil1995.Somebansonwomen’sworkstillinplaceinformercoloniesareremnantsofthe1960SpanishCivilCode,theNapoleonicCodeorCommonwealthlaws.(4) Somelawsareofsurprisinglyrecentorigin:Vietnam’sbanonwomendrivingtractorsof50horsepowerormorecameintoforcein2013.Butonbalance,thetrendistowardsliberalisation.InrecentyearsBulgaria,KiribatiandPolandhaveremovedallrestrictions;ColombiaandCongohavegotridofsome.Othercountrieshavechangedlawsinlightoftechnologicaladvancesthathavemademanyjobssaferandlessreliantonbruteforce,orhaveseencourtsoverturnbansasdiscriminatory.C(5) Labourshortagesarealsoleadingtochange.WhenmanymaleminersleftMarmato,inColombia,tofindbetterpayelsewhere,femalereplacementsweretolerated,eventhoughhiringthembrokethelaw.Similarly,whenmaletruckersineasternEuropeancountriesthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionleftforwesternones,pressuretoletwomenreplacethemincreased.AndtheendofabanonwomenworkingnightsinthePhilippinesin2011wascheeredonbycall-centres,whichneedstaffduringdaytimeinAmericaandEurope.(6) Somesex-specificrestrictionsarecalledfor,saystheILO,particularlyinthecaseofpregnantandbreast-feedingwomen,forexamplewhenworkingwithchemicals.(SuchtemporaryandspecificprecautionsarenotcountedintheWorldBank’sstudy.)But,concludestheILO,blanketprotectiveprohibitionsare“increasinglyobsolete”.D(7) Readthewholepassageanddecideinwhichplacethefollowingsentenceshouldbeput:“Theywerebasedontheideathatwomennotonlywereweakerandmorevulnerabletoexploitationthanmen,butalsolackedcompetencetomakevalidchoices.”
A.B B.C C.D D.D正确答案A
