Therearetwokindsofmotiveforengaginginanyactivity:internalandinstrumental.Ifascientistconductsresearchbecauseshewantstodiscoverimportantfactsabouttheworld,that'saninternalmotive,sincediscoveringfactsisinherentlyrelatedtotheactivityofresearch.Ifsheconductsresearchbecauseshewantstoachievescholarlyrenown,that'saninstrumentalmotive,sincetherelationbetweenfameandresearchisnotsoinherent.Often,peoplehavebothfordoingthings.Whatmixofmotives--internalorinstrumentalorboth--ismostconducivetosuccess?Youmightsupposethatascientistmotivatedbyadesiretodiscoverfactsandbyadesiretoachieverenownwilldobetterworkthanascientistmotivatedbyjustoneofthosedesires.Surelytwomotivesarebetterthanone.ButasweandourcolleaguesargueinapapernewlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,instrumentalmotivesarenotalwaysanassetandcanactuallybecounterproductivetosuccess.Weanalyzeddatadrawnfrom11320cadetsinnineenteringclassesattheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyatWestPoint,allofwhomratedhowmucheachofasetofmotivesinfluencedtheirdecisiontoattendtheacademy.ThemotivesincludedthingslikeadesiretogetagoodjoblaterinlifeandadesiretobetrainedasaleaderintheUnitedStatesArmy Howdidthecadetsfareyearslater?HowdidtheirprogressrelatetotheiroriginalmotivesforattendingWestPoint?Wefound,unsurprisingly,thatthestrongertheirinternalreasonsweretoattendWestPoint,themorelikelycadetsweretograduateandbecomecommissionedofficers.Alsounsurprisingly,cadetswithinternalmotivesdidbetterinthemilitary(asevidencedbyearlypromotionrecommendations)thandidthosewithoutinternalmotivesandwerealsomorelikelytostayinthemilitaryaftertheirfiveyearsofmandatoryservice.Remarkably,cadetswithstronginternalandstronginstrumentalmotivesforattendingWestPointperformedworseoneverymeasurethandidthosewithstronginternalmotivesbutweakinstrumentalones.Theywerelesslikelytograduate,lessoutstandingasmilitaryofficersandlesscommittedtostayinginthemilitary.Ourstudysuggeststhateffortsshouldbemadetostructureactivitiessothatinstrumentalconsequencesdonotbecomemotives.Helpingpeoplefocusonthemeaningandimpactoftheirwork,ratherthanon,say,thefinancialreturnsitwillbring,maybethebestwaytoimprovenotonlythequalityoftheirworkbutalsotheirfinancialsuccess.Thereisatemptationamongeducatorsandinstructorstousewhatevermotivationaltoolsareavailabletorecruitparticipantsorimproveperformance.IfthedesireformilitaryexcellenceandservicetocountryfailstoattractalltherecruitsthattheArmyneeds,thenperhapsappealsto“moneyforcollegecareertraining”or“seeingtheworld”willdothejob.Whilethisstrategymayluremorerecruits,itmayalsoyieldworsesoldiers.Similarly,forstudentsuninterestedinlearning,financialincentivesforgoodattendanceorpizzapartiesforhighperformancemaypromptthemtoparticipate,butitmayresultinlesswell-educatedstudents. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisaninternalmotiveforanewlyrecruitedsoldier? A.Toservethecountry. B．Toreceivecareertraining.
A.正确答案A
B.To earn money for college. C.
D.To broaden their scope of vision.
